What Is Functional Communication Training?

Functional Communication Training, often called FCT, is an ABA strategy that teaches a learner a clearer and safer way to communicate a need. It is often used when challenging behavior is serving a communication purpose.

The goal is not just to stop behavior. The goal is to make communication easier and more effective for the learner.

How FCT works

First, the team tries to understand the function of the behavior. Is the learner trying to get help, escape a task, access an item, get attention, or communicate discomfort?

Then the team teaches a communication response that can meet the same need. That response might be a word, sign, picture, AAC button, gesture, or card.

Examples of FCT

If a learner throws materials to escape hard work, the team might teach “help” or “break.”

If a learner grabs snacks, the team might teach pointing, exchanging a picture, or using a device to request the snack.

If a learner screams for attention, the team might teach tapping a shoulder, saying a name, or using an attention card.

The new communication must work

FCT only makes sense if adults respond when the learner communicates. If the learner asks for a break and adults ignore it, the old behavior may continue because it is still more effective.

At first, the communication response should be easy and powerful. Later, the team can teach waiting, accepting no, and choosing alternatives.

Match the form to the learner

The best communication form is one the learner can use during real life, including when they are frustrated. It should not require more effort than the challenging behavior.

Speech is one option, but it is not the only option. AAC, signs, gestures, and pictures can all support meaningful communication.

Plan for real settings

A learner may use the new skill in therapy but need support at home, school, or in the community. Adults across settings should know what the communication means and how to respond.

FCT works best when communication is respected everywhere the learner needs it.